The Absolute Paradox For Kierkegaard Essay - 1609 Words

1. What is the Absolute Paradox for Kierkegaard? In responding to this paradox, why does the contemporary follower of Christ not have an advantage over later followers? In chapter 3 of Philosophical Fragments, Kierkegaard begins his discussion on the â€Å"Absolute Paradox† by revealing paradox as â€Å"the passion of thought.† Kierkegaard claims that humans desperately want to discover something they are unable to contemplate and are, thus, only leading themselves toward the downfall of all thought. We are unable to contemplate the â€Å"unknown†, and the unknown— according to Kierkegaard—is essentially God. Humans are foolish in their attempt to prove God’s existence; for humans’ attempted to do so already assumes god’s existence. In other words, , there would be no need for proof. The bible is in no way able to act as the only proof of God’s existence. To argue that the events in the world must derive from an all-good being (God) assumes that these events are all ultimately good—and this assumption is based on the belief that there exists an all-good author of these works. Ki erkegaard claims that the â€Å"paradox of thought† is God enabling humans with the knowledge of his existence by making us aware of sin—a quality held by humans that separates them (and the rest of humanity) from the divine. In teaching the difference between God and human beings, God fashioned our human nature which was manifested on earth as Jesus. Thus, the contemporary follower of Christ was able to observeShow MoreRelatedEssay on Kierkegaards View on Faith1045 Words   |  5 PagesKierkegaards View on Faith Kierkegaard was a Danish philosopher in the mid 1800s. He is known to be the father of existentialism and was at least 70 years ahead of his time. Kierkegaard set out to attack Kant’s rational ethics and make attacks on the Christianity of our day. He poses the question, how do we understand faith? He states that faith equals the absurd. In â€Å"Fear and Trembling†, he uses the story of Abraham and his son Isaac to show an example of faith as the absurd. The story ofRead MoreEssay about Soren Kierkegaards Fear And Trembling959 Words   |  4 PagesSoren Kierkegaards Fear and Trembling, Abraham, found in a paradox between two ethical duties, is confronted with this question. He has ethical duties to be faithful to God and also to his son, Isaac. He believes that God demands him to sacrifice Isaac. But, Abraham, firmly adhering to his faith, submitted to what he believed was the will of God. By using his perspective and that of his alternative guise, Johannes de Si lentio, Kierkegaard concentrates on the story of Abraham in such a way that hisRead MoreComparison Between Nietzsche And Kierkegaard1244 Words   |  5 PagesNietzsche and Kierkegaard are both considered to be the top existentialists for solely different reasons, as well as being very different from each other. They have different philosophies when it comes to their thoughts on religion and it is important to see exactly how they line up in this regard. The best way to do this is to start from the beginning of each’s work, their history and how they grew into their respective roles in their fields. It is also important to note exactly what existentialismRead MoreAnalysis Of Kierkegaard s Fear And Trembling 1032 Words   |  5 Pagesindividual if there is no leap towards word of mouth. Kierkegaard exemplifies such mocking rhapsodies in his piece â€Å"Fear and Trembling†. Scattered within are multiple insults shot at individuals whom he wills deserving of it. Breezil y crucifying ill-mannered beliefs, and rendering hopeless their application, Kierkegaard makes his first deprecatory stop at the gate of objective and speculative philosophy. Objective thinkers are swerved by Kierkegaard as he states â€Å" When a cellar-dweller plays this gameRead MoreA Summary, Analysis and Discussion of Sà ¸ren Kierkegaard, Training in Christianity2560 Words   |  11 PagesA  summary, analysis and discussion of Sà ¸ren Kierkegaard, Training in Christianity[1] I. Introduction In this essay, I will try to summarize, analyze and discuss several pages of Sà ¸ren Kierkegaard’s Training in Christianity. I will try to focus on his approach to sacred history, a general Christian history and Christianity, which he discusses in this work in relation to faith in God. In other parts of this essay I will attempt also to relate these pages of his work to some key ideas ofRead MoreSoren Kierkegaards The Iliad, By Simone Weil1349 Words   |  6 Pageswhich they have come to posses, that they are no longer empathetic. This then turns the individual into an instrument of the force, thus making the individual with power and the individual without both subjugated to the force. This is where the paradox occurs, force in itself cannot be possessed but instead possesses those who wish to wield, turning the individual into an instrument (15/69). In this sense force levels the playing field. The blindness that comes with the use of force â€Å"establishesRead MoreKierkegaard And Communism1747 Words   |  7 PagesOn first and second glance, it may appear impossible to draw any concrete connection between the philosophy of Sà ¸ren Kierkegaard, a seventeenth century Danish Philosopher who worked heavily on existential themes, faith, and Christianity, and the Soviet Union. On one hand, Kierkegaard himself lived his life almost solely in Denmark, rarely leaving his own hometown, so his experience of the World outside of Denmark was extremely limited and focused on his world, especially the world of the Danish NationalRead MoreSoren Kierkegaard on God1772 Words   |  7 PagesKierkegaard claims that, Infinite resignation is the last stage before faith, so anyon e who has not made this movement does not have faith, for only in infinite resignation does an individual become conscious of his eternal validity, and only then can one speak of grasping existence by virtue of faith, (page 52). This idea is demonstrated when Abraham surrenders himself to his fate and surrenders the life of his son to God. This infinite resignation is the reason God grants Abraham his son’s lifeRead MoreMy Journey Toward The Complexity Of God2593 Words   |  11 PagesSacred and The Profane, Martin Buber s I and Thou, and Sà ¸ren Kierkegaard s Practice in Christianity have all forced an encounter with the myriad of ways in which humans experience God. Through this encounter, each author has provided ideas about a new outlet to experience God: Eliade taught us how to experience God in all parts of nature; Buber gave us a mold for the ideal relationship with God and others in the I-Thou, and Kierkegaard reminded us of the necessity of faith in the face of the offenseRead More Existentialism Essay1778 Words   |  8 Pagesthe ever- changing and unexpected challenges of the day. According to the Existentialists, the starting point of every philosophical investigation is concrete human existence. That means that human personality in itself should point the way to the absolute value of reality. A single definition of existentialism is impossible. Definitions, provided by dictionaries are only part of what existentialism is about. †¦central to each definition is the assertion that existentialism is a theory or statement

Writing Successful Opinion Essay Topics

<h1>Writing Successful Opinion Essay Topics</h1><p>Opinion exposition themes are the components that one must consider before composing. There are several article subjects, and it is imperative to know which ones to compose and why. It is likewise essential to compose points that coordinate one's aptitude level, and to add profundity to your composition.</p><p></p><p>In an article theme, you compose the genuine subject as an exposition. You may incorporate raw numbers, conclusion, or an outline of a contention. You should ensure that your theme is even. It won't be proficient to go past a specific profundity in a theme; this won't do the point equity. It is critical to discover subjects that are the most far reaching for your potential readers.</p><p></p><p>When composing a paper theme, you ought to consider what your peruser needs to know. What questions would they like to have replied? Would they like to think about an ongoing news occasion? Would they like to become familiar with an ongoing political choice? These are only a portion of the numerous points you can pick from.</p><p></p><p>There are various conclusions on whether you ought to compose a sentiment subject. A few people want to compose supposition points and others like doing research. Yet, however you choose to go, it is imperative to recognize what your perusers need before you compose your conclusion paper topic.</p><p></p><p>Some individuals like to dive into the subtleties of the point; they like to take a gander at statistical data points, while others are searching for data that may be disputable. With feeling subjects, it is essential to compose with balance. There is no sense recorded as a hard copy a point that has different sides. Parity is significant in any sort of composing. It tends to be hard to get the equalization spot on in light of the fact that numerous individuals have solid conclusions about something.</p><p></p><p>To ensure that your supposition themes are adjusted, you ought to have the option to introduce the realities in a fair manner. Perusers need to see your supposition exposition subjects as a legit take a gander at the raw numbers. They would prefer not to peruse somebody attempting to influence them to their perspective. They need to know the realities and see that you are expressing the realities accurately.</p><p></p><p>When you are composing an assessment exposition, it is critical to utilize your conclusion straight away. This is something that your perusers will acknowledge and it won't take long for them to make up their brains. They may not concur with all that you state, however at any rate they will have the option to see your sentiment obviously and realize that it isn't being influenced by another person. This will be a superior method to compose a sentiment paper than uti lizing a nonpartisan voice and seeming like you are attempting to influence the audience.</p><p></p><p>To compose a feeling article effectively, you should be certain about what you are stating. As a creator, you ought to have the certainty that originates from realizing what you are discussing. You ought to likewise be certain that you present the realities precisely. Doing these things will show that you comprehend what you are discussing, and it will give your perusers a smart thought of what's in store from your assessment essays.</p>

The War Against Childrens Essay Samples

<h1> The War Against Children's Essay Samples </h1> <h2>Introducing Children's Essay Samples </h2> <p>Tell us a point which you've changed your head on over the most recent three years. At the point when you own a rundown before your eyes, it will be significantly simpler to make your brain and start thinking about a particular issue. Pick a particular theme that others may not consider, and whatever you select, verify you know a ton about it! At the point when you're picking your subject, remember that it's a lot more straightforward to expound on something which you by and by have intrigue ineven on the off chance that you don't have the foggiest idea about a lot about it. </p> <p>Some people live their lives dependent on their religion despite the fact that others don't figure you should consider that dynamic with respect to deciding standards for everyone. Contribute your contemplations and individuals make certain to peruse! Depict the individual who you consider yourself to be in the ensuing ten years in detail, as if you were there right now. As per investigates, truly dynamic youngsters are fairly bound to think of their sensori-engine capacities and physical wellbeing at a more prominent level in contrast with kids who don't play in any capacity. </p> <h2>The Hidden Treasure of Children's Essay Samples </h2> <p>When earlier conceptualizing is done, you may start drafting your article. For you to become familiar with our administrations, investigate the following data about our most significant highlights. You may see that the strategy is for all intents and purposes consistently precisely the same. The methodology starts with the capture. </p> <p>Bear at the top of the priority list you could cause entertaining contentious articles on the off chance that you to do a couple of things. Now and again, its simply a lot more straightforward to give yourself numerous choices to choose from, permitting you pick a point that suits both your inclinations and your composing style. At the point when you're at school or school, one of the central assignments you have to do is compose articles. While picking what to expound on, ensure it is something which you comprehend about. </p> <p>There are perpetually an expansive scope of assessments on the subject of innovation, and here are our preferred interesting points on this issue. Every year, our specialists compose many articles on a few subjects for understudies everywhere throughout the world. You will locate that few of the subjects can be adjusted to suit practically any kind of composing task. In case you're mistaken for a choice of fascinating themes to look into on the web, it's obviously better to figure out what intrigues you the most. </p> <p>You can rehash your contention, which is a fairly basic practice among writers. At the point when you are done with your article, you should not just check it for spelling and syntactic mistakes, yet by and by, it likewise must be checked for coherent deceptions. At the point when you are mentioned to pick an extraordinary theme for your contention, start with something you're familiar with. There are loads of things to contend when it has to do with the law. </p> <p>You in every case naturally comprehend when an interesting exposition thought is in truth the absolute best thought for you. Exploring the point will empower you to discover increasingly about what intrigues you, and should you pick something you genuinely like, composing the article will be progressively agreeable. No one truly wishes to form an article. Composing an astounding enticing article is certainly not a basic employment, nonetheless, it's achievable.</p> <p>Try out another subject and do precisely the same 5-minute composing test till you find a theme you realize you can promptly compose on. On the off chance that you get the chance to choose your own subject, that is awesome. The different themes may be found, for example, in the exposition abstracts worldwide database. Considering that heaps of powerful expositions concern dubious themes, before composing, you can need to plunk down and consider what your assessment on the point really is. </p> <p>Instead of just quickly expounding on your pugnacious article theme, you initially need to consider what it is that you are probably going to return on your paper through a system of conceptualizing and pre-composing. The postulation gives you a rule on the most ideal approach to with composing the exposition. You might be parted with the point straight by your educator, or you could be allowed to choose the subject yourself. It's conceivable to select a captivating theme from any region of science. </p>

What Is It?

What Is It?Writing a custom protocol is not as easy as it seems. This is because protocols are the last thing to be written before the actual adoption of the policy in every country, which means that the custom protocol should take into account every country's different culture and traditions. In other words, custom protocols can vary from one country to another. Of course, this is only one reason why the custom protocol is considered too complex to be created from scratch.If you want to create a custom protocol, make sure that it follows the specific customs of your country so that it makes sense to your clients. This way, the custom protocol can really help you out.Many of the procedures in creating a custom protocol, however, have been created by experts. The Custom Protocol Industry has put forth a set of methods that they use for creating the custom protocol. Read on for more information.When creating a custom protocol, remember that it should be comprised of a number of clauses . It is best to compile it in a way that leaves room for changes. As a result, do not include too many clauses at one time. For instance, it would be best to create three separate documents so that you can change them and avoid many conflicts.The preamble should be created first and then the custom protocol should follow. Do not just simply add it at the end. Remember that the custom protocol is the very last thing to be written before the actual adoption of the policy.It is also essential to note that you cannot add an exception to the rule at the end of the custom protocol. Just like the preamble, it should also be a part of the custom protocol and it should be built along with the rest of the document. You cannot create exceptionsin a custom protocol without violating the principles. In this case, the exception should be stated or else the custom protocol would be considered to be null and void.It is very important to keep all points in the custom protocol simple to understand. T his is because the important points in the custom protocol should be prominent enough that they can be referred to from the beginning of the custom protocol to the end. The custom protocol should not be complicated, thus the importance of keeping all points simple and understandable.Once the custom protocol is prepared, you should ensure that it is read and reviewed by at least three people. This is because these three people are the ones who can give you and your clients a better understanding of the custom protocol. By having three people to review it, you can ensure that the custom protocol can be read clearly and it can be fully understood.

How To Write Short Essays

How To Write Short EssaysShort essays are another kind of essay, which is commonly written in a shorter time span. The academic essay is written as a form of teaching. Short essays in order to inform the reader about the material, and introduce the topic and discussion. Therefore, they are a great means to inform others about the topic, and can be used to display to the readers.These essays are used by educators for informing the students about current economic climate and what you can do to benefit your life, money and circumstances. In a nutshell, these are written as statements, with supporting arguments and facts. They can also be used for teaching purposes, especially in schools, in order to inform the students.There are several different ways in which these essays can be done and are usually structured in a more structured format, and also in a shorter time. In addition, in some places where you have a deadline, this can also be useful.Short essays are basically articles that a re typically shorter than a full-length paper, and are usually about 300 words in length. Therefore, it is a great method for when you need to get something out in a very short period of time.If you are working on an assignment essay, you will probably be required to write the entire assignment. In order to keep up with the deadline, you will need to write an essay within the specified time frame.There are various forms of short essays, including the essay on start up, the essay on personal development, the essay on the subject of influence, the essay on environmental change, the essay on the terminology, the essay on the situation, the essay on the philosophy of, the essay on entrepreneurship, the essay on the ethics of education, the essay on the best sources, the essay on the issues, the essay on the research topics, the essay on the relationships between food and economics, the essay on the science of. However, these are all different areas of the essay. There are more to choose from.Usually you should write a short essay, at first, because you won't be able to remember a longer version of the topic. However, you should still be able to describe the outline and key points of the essay as well as the problem solving method. When you are writing the essay, make sure you follow the outline as closely as possible, and use the key points to help you answer the questions.If you need help with essays, there are many resources available online, and if you have any problems in completing your essay, this is the place to go. The one thing that you will always need to remember when completing your essay is that you will be using a class syllabus, so make sure you follow the rules and guidelines.

Human Rights Violations in Guatemala Essay - 1362 Words

Guatemala is among one of the countries that is suffering from major human rights violations. The topics that I will be covering include the three main laws of human rights that are being violated in the country of Guatemala, as well as evidence and stories of victims, and the changes that this country is going through. I will be bringing up the topic of Guatemala’s human rights violations and acts of injustice, including giving my opinion on these matters. Guatemala is a country that has yet to recover from past wars, and the country is lacking in peace between society, government and authorities. In the 1980s after Guatemalas war resolution state violence increased, reaching genocidal proportions, meaning that an extreme number of†¦show more content†¦None of these incidents has been satisfactorily investigated by the Guatemalan government; nor have those responsible been brought to justice, (Lobe, Jim.) , Gillermo Ovale de Leon an accountant was murdered in a robbery less than a block away from a foundations office. Two cars were seen by several witnesses with 3-4 armed men in military uniform. This murder was interpreted as another act of violence in Guatemala. This crime also coincided with important developments in two legal cases regarding the FRMT. a climate of fear due to threats, intimidations, disappearance and even killings. The perpetrators of these attacks are reportedly illegal clandestine groups. Allegedly, some of them have links with state institutions, in particular the police and the army. (Raul, Molina.) The first example that we see is the violation of the fifth right in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights stating that nobody has the right to torture you. In 1992 , a woman by the name of Maritza Uritia was abducted by armed men. Her husband was a part of the â€Å"poor† army, and the men who were known to have abducted her were a part of what they called â€Å"a secret organization.† Maritza was blind folded by the men and chained to a bed for a week. She was forbidden of food and aShow MoreRelatedThe Discovery Of The Guatemalan Archives1417 Words   |  6 Pagesthe government after decades of internal warfare. This reconstruction of public memory was extremely important for those involved in recovering and sifting through the documents, the families and friends who lost people during the civil war, to Guatemala and the discovery also held significance international (Weld). A few years later in March of 2008 files were seized by the Colombian Armed Forced during a raid. These archives belonged to the insurgent group called The Revolutionary Armed ForcedRead MoreA Brief Note On Urban And Rural Terms1251 Words   |  6 PagesUrban and Rural Terms Guatemala is a country that has had rapid growth economically in the world. Guatemala is becoming the most popular country in the sector of industry and tourism of Central American, its population has continued to increase. The growth of the population invariably leads to urbanization, which refers to the development of urban areas and the migration of people from rural to urban centers. On the other hand, this has the reciprocal effect of the expansion of these centers muchRead MoreChilean Human Rights Violations Had An Undoubted International Significance800 Words   |  4 PagesThe case about Chilean human rights violations had an undoubted international significance. Its highest point came with the arrest of General Pinochet in London in 1998, at the request of arrest warrant and subsequent processing issued by Judge Garzà ³n. The detention lasted for 503 days; nearly a year and a half that gave rise to several judicial and political actions and reactions that serve as the basis of understanding of the topic of the essay. On the one hand, the debate on universal jurisdictionRead MoreGlobalization Is The Process By Which People, Cultures,1476 Words   |  6 Pagesincepted to maintain world peace and foster an environment of cooperation between nations, in order to solve economic, cultural, and humanitarian issues. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights for example is regarded as, â€Å"A milestone document in the history of human rights,† according to the United Nations. It ensures the rights to life, liberty, and education, and proclaims that, â€Å"No one shall be held in slavery or servitude.† But what happens when members of the UN General Assembly violate these declarationsRead MoreTruth And Justice : A Lexicon Of Terror And The Banality Of Evil, Victoria Sanford s Buried Secrets1612 Words   |  7 Pagesit. But one day we will triumph† (Feitlowitz 133). There are many different aspects of truth and justices described in Hannah Arendt’s Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil, Victoria Sanford’s Buried Secrets: Truth and Human Rights in Guatemala and in Marguerite Feitlowitz s A Lexicon of Terror, these aspects of truth and justice play an important role in describing the tragedies in each respective book. The books also illustrate to readers why truth and justice in general areRead MoreWomens Rights in Latin America and the Caribbean1362 Words   |  6 Pagespervasive and widespread human rights violations women face in the region, with little chance of justice. The most pernicious types of womens human rights abuses in the Americas occur in the areas of womens reproductive and sexual health and rights, discrimination and violence against women in the workplace, and violence against women in the home. After decades of dicta torships in some countries, democracy has not meant an end to impunity for violations of women rights. In fact, despite the formalRead MoreTruth Commissions, As Outlined By The Course, Are Thought1190 Words   |  5 Pagesbrought about by one of my classmates. While truth commissions are not relatively similar at all, besides the violence taking place for various different reasons, all by comparison were held in a degree to reach democracy as a sense of security for human rights. The United Nations is an intergovernmental organization that promotes international cooperation that is generally known for the powerhouses countries and governments that all are held into the same accordance. Generally, more of the first-worldRead MoreThe Effects Of The Guatemalan Genocide Of A Minority Group1449 Words   |  6 Pagescivil wars in general and how even without war there is no peace in Guatemala. The extracurricular activity I attended for this report on peace studies was Dr. Catherine Nolin’s public lecture called â€Å"Transnational Ruptures in a Time of Impunity: Genocide, Mining and Migration†. Dr. Nolin is an associate professor at the university of Northern British Columbia. Her focus was placed upon the past and present violence in Guatemala. More specifically, the genocide of the 1980s, the migration that followedRead MoreFemicide1132 Words   |  5 Pagesfunctions to define gender lines, enact and bolster male dominance, and to render women chronically and profoundly unsafe† (Suarez, 2009). Based on international federal and state law, women have the right to be free from violence. Overall, acts of femecide are viewed as a violation of the human rights of women (Femicide, 2008). The major difficult of family violence against women and girls is the fact that such actions are culturally sanctioned. This attachment to culture makes it difficult toRead MoreThe Central American country of Guatemala fought a bloody civil war for over 36 years. The1900 Words   |  8 Pages The Central American country of Guatemala fought a bloody civil war for over 36 years. The internal conflict began in November of 1960 and did not end until December of 1996. The key players that fought where the Guatemalan government and the ethnic Mayan indigenous people that where extremely leftist compared to the Guatemalan government. The indigenous persons where joined by other non-government forces known as the Ladino peasantry and other rural poor. This civil conflict would escalate to

Epidemiology World Health Organization

Question: Discuss about theEpidemiology for World Health Organization. Answer: Introduction The design used in the research is food frequency questionnaire which is commonly referred to as FFQ design. The main advantage of this design is that the method is suitable in the measurement of long term dietary intake as it is based on average intakes of food over a period of time. Another advantage of this design is that the design is pre-corded and therefore its data preparation does not require a nutritional expert. The model is also very efficient and its cost of administration is very low .the design can also be administered in one visit (Friis, 2010). During the follow up period of five years, 1879 cases of the type two diabetes mellitus were detected from the cohort study. When both the quintiles were compiled and compared, the energy and age attuned relative risks were as follows; whole grain=0.62 (95% [CI] 0.53, 0.71, P inclination .0001). Refined grain=1.31 (95% CI=1.12, 1.53, P trend = .0003. Ratios of polished to whole grain intake =1.57 (95% CI=1.36, 1.82, P trend .0001. RR=1.26, 95% Confidence interval= 1.08, 1.46, P=.01 for tendency when the extreme quintiles were compared. From the table, we can easily observe that the total grain consumption is directly related to a reduction in the level of risk of contracting diabetes mellitus 2.there is an inverse relationship between the consumption of whole grains and the risk of suffering from diabetes type 2.The whole grain is associated to the intake of cereal fiber. Cereal fiber intake reduces the risk of suffering from diabetes mellitus 2. From the study, the research indicates that total grain consumption is inversely related with the possibility of suffering from diabetes mellitus II. Lower intake of whole grain was highly associated to an increase in the likelihood of suffering from diabetes mellitus II. The whole grains are rich in cereal fiber which are highly associated with prevention against diabetes mellitus 2.Dietary fiber intake is one nutrient that can greatly help in protection against the diabetes disease. The main reason for adjustments of analysis was because cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption and family history appeared to be a major factor affecting the body mass index (BMI).The above also showed a strong quadratic relationship causing underweight risk especially in women. Alcohol consumption, smoking, age and the geographical area are considered to be potential confounding factors that required adjustments so as to reduce bias in the study since diabetes mellitus 2 risks is positively associated to them. The use of food frequency questionnaire in the study tends to overestimate the energy and total grain consumption but it does not account for protein and fat intake (Coulston, Boushey, Ferruzzi, 2013). Validation and calibration studies are important in food frequency questionnaire in nutrition epidemiology for the purpose of interpreting the findings and other factors that affect validation. These factors may include memory and the nutrients data. Table of association between dietary fat intake and skin cancer. Cancer patient= CP Melanoma (high)= H Melanoma (low)=L Total CP CPH=150 CPL=80 CP=230 Control=C CH=130 CL=100 C=230 Non control=NC NCH=280 CN=40 CN=40 Total CH=300 CL=200 500 RR= [{am / (am+bn)} / {cm/ (cm+dn)}] = [{a (d+bq) / b(c+aq)} / {b(c+aq)}] = [ad {1+ (b/d)} / bc {1+ (a/c)}] High vs. low fat intake [50{1+ (80/500)} / 25{1+ (250/500)] =68/37.5 OR 1.813. Medium vs. high fat intake. = [25{1+ (40/500)} / 50{1+ (80/500)}] =27/68 or 0.397 This is because the risk of suffering from melanoma reduces with the reduction of low dietary fat. Population attributed to risk of melanoma due to low fat intake; =25% of 500= 125 people. Twenty five percent of the study cohort who consumed low dietary fat still faced the risk of suffering from melanoma. This can be attributed to other factors such as alcohol consumption and smoking. By using the same instrument in a dietary based study, it is visible that there is no concrete evidence that supports the relationship between high fat intake and increased risk of suffering from melanoma. Rather, the research indicates the likelihood of the above happening. Up to date, there is no study that has investigated the association between dietary fat intake and the risk of basal cell carcinoma, the risk of CMM and squamous cell carcinoma in a same cohort and while using the same design of fat intake. There is no major association between exposure and the cohort suffering from the disease. When the cohort is exposed and when not exposed, the likelihood of suffering from the disease is constant. The spread of the disease can be attributed to other factor apart from exposure. Exposure to the UV radiation is the single major factor that is highly attributed to skin cancer (Rom, Markowitz, 2007). Also, the variation of incidences such as the coetaneous malignant melanoma in a cohort living in a similar altitude has suggested that fat dietary intake may have a role in a cohort suffering from melanoma. Relative risk of exposure causing disease in young adults. RR= [{am / (am+bn)} / {cm/ (cm+dn)}] = [{a (d+bq) / b(c+aq)} / {b(c+aq)}] = [ad {1+ (b/d)} / bc {1+ (a/c)}] = [30{1+970/120)} / 80{1+ (50/120)}] =47.50 / 113333 =0.419 Relative risk of exposure causing disease older adults. RR= [ad {1+ (b/d)} / bc {1+ (a/c)}] [40{1+ (70/120)} / 90{1+ (50/120)}] =63.333/127.5 =0.4967 The relative exposure to risk in older adults is higher compared to that of younger adults. Exposure increases the probability of an older adult suffering from the disease but it does not affect the younger adults. This is inverse when there is no exposure. More young adults are at a risk of getting sick when there is no exposure than the -older adults. An example of a typical bias in a cohort study is the subject selection bias. It is least expected that the factors that may affect enrollment of subjects into a probable cohort study can introduce bias. To create this bias, the selection of the subject has to be related to both the outcome and exposure (Lachin, 2014). Area under discussion is usually enrolled into a group of study before they have the result and the experience of concern. This indicates how easily an enrolment may be related to exposure. This type of cohort study bias is likely to be more common in a cohort study that is retrospective especially if the cohort being studied is required to provide informed consent for participation (Gordis, 2014). This occurs because a retrospective cohort study usually starts after all the cases of a disease have occurred and the subjects may be aware of both the exposure they are in and the outcomes. Example; Consider an investigation that is hypothetical of an occupational exposure that was conducted 15-20 years ago in a factory. Over the years, there emerged some suspicion that working in the factory was greatly associated with some adverse health effects (Savitz Wellenius, 2016). Finally, a retrospective cohort study was carried out as indicated in the contingency table below; Unbiased data sickly Non-diseased overall exposure 1000 9000 10000 Not exposed 500 9500 10000 The above data is unbiased and its RR would be as follow; RR unbiased= [(1000/10000) / (500/10000)} =2.0 However, in cases where many of the old data records were lost but was given the suspicion of estimation and approximation, the accounts of the employees who were solvent but later had health problems are likely to be 99% retained(Wang, 2011). This would result to the data shown in the table below; Biased result sickly Non-diseased overall exposure 990 7200 8190 Not exposed 400 7600 8000 The biased RR would be ;={( 990/8190) / (400/6000)} =0.1209/0.05 or 2.42 From the above, we can confidently say that loss record results in over estimation and selection bias in a case study. Yes. Loss of data and records results in overestimation and selection bias depending on the scenario of the cohort study. This type of bias mainly arises from retrospective cohort study. It might occur as a result of retention or loss of the study subject as these are related to both the outcome status and the exposure selection bias is likely to occur if the choice or selection of the exposed or the unexposed subject in a retrospective cohort study is in a way related to the outcome of the interest. We can relate this to question 4.The table given shows the relative risk before and after loss of data. From the above, the loss of record resulted in an over estimation and selection bias. Reference Bonita, R., Beaglehole, R., KjellstroÃÅ'ˆm, T., World Health Organization. (2006). Basic epidemiology. Geneva: World Health Organization. Chan, S. G. (2008). Development of food frequency questionnaire and database for assessing soy isoflavone intake in the Chinese population. Coulston, A. 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